| Malay vs Indonesian | The two share a core but diverge in official and legal terms and institutions. Indonesian terminology in a Malaysian document misnames the authority it is meant for. | We translate into standard Bahasa Malaysia (or the correct country standard) and keep it cleanly apart from Indonesian. |
| Jawi script where required | Some official, religious or heritage documents are in Jawi, an Arabic-derived right-to-left script — not readable by Rumi-only handling. | We identify and handle Jawi correctly where a source uses it, and transliterate to Rumi where appropriate. |
| Names, patronymics & honorifics | Malay names use bin/binti (son/daughter of) and titles (Haji, Tengku); mishandled, the name structure or order breaks the match to the ID. | Name structure, patronymics and titles are preserved and matched to the passport, with the structure made legible to the German authority. |
| No tense — time by particle | Malay marks time with particles and context, not conjugation. Importing German tense mechanics produces stilted or wrong statements. | Tense and aspect are rendered natively with the right particles and context, not calqued from German verb forms. |
| Reduplication carries meaning | Reduplication marks plurals or nuance (buku-buku, kanak-kanak); read literally it becomes nonsense. | Reduplicated forms are read for their grammatical meaning, not doubled word-for-word. |
| Legalisation route (apostille vs consular) | Malaysia is not a party to the Apostille Convention, so a document may need consular legalisation rather than an apostille — the wrong assumption stalls it. | We check the correct route in advance — apostille or consular legalisation — for the country the document is going to. |