| No spaces between words | Lao writes words together; spaces mark clauses. Segment it wrongly and word boundaries — and meaning — shift. | Native readers segment the text correctly, so words and clauses are read as intended. |
| Tone wrong or ignored | Lao is tonal; tone is part of a word. Ignored, a translation can render a different word with full confidence. | Tone is resolved by a native speaker, so the intended word is the one that appears. |
| Vowel placement around the consonant | Lao vowels sit before, after, above or below the consonant. Misread, the syllable — and the name — comes out wrong. | Each syllable is read with its vowels in the correct position, so names and words are accurate. |
| Lao treated as Thai | The scripts look similar but are distinct languages. Thai handling misses the Lao norm and the brief. | We translate exclusively into standard Lao and keep it cleanly apart from Thai. |
| Lao numerals carried over | Lao digits (໐໑໒໓) are not Western figures. Copied by shape, dates and numbers on certificates go wrong. | Numerals are transcribed by value and verified against the surrounding text. |
| Buddhist Era (BE) not converted | Where a Buddhist-Era year appears, copied unchanged it puts a date centuries out. | BE dates are converted to the Gregorian calendar and cross-checked. |
| Inconsistent name transliteration | French-influenced spellings vary; used inconsistently, a name diverges from the passport across documents. | One consistent transliteration is fixed and matched to the ID across all documents. |